Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). VAT reg no 816865400. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. Those who refused this were sent to prison. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. 1. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Boston House, 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. As such, I disagree with the statement. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. One was debt. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. - navy to firth of Forth. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Write a paragraph or two. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. . The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. Student / . Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. LS23 6AD Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. VAT reg no 816865400. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Boston Spa, This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. Spain and France were the major European powers. Copy. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. VAT reg no 816865400. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. The conspirators including Babington were all. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Boston House, English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. Henry himself gave people cause . These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Mary was spared. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. This increased tension between England and Spain. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. - Leith blockade. 214 High Street, Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Company Reg no: 04489574. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. West Yorkshire, This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. First English colony in Virginia established. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. - rebelling of scottish lords. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. 1558 -french threat. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation.
why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558