how many kwh to produce 1 kg of hydrogen

As of 2020, the majority of hydrogen (95%) is produced from fossil fuels by steam reforming of natural gas and other light hydrocarbons, partial oxidation of heavier hydrocarbons, and coal gasification. 6 How is the energy density of hydrogen determined? "If you want to get all European flights on hydrogen, you'd need 89,000 large wind turbines to produce enough hydrogen," says van Dijk. Hydrogen may be used in fuel cells for local electricity generation or potentially as a transportation fuel. Gasification is an option for producing hydrogen from almost any carbon source. . gallons Btu megajoules liters. Looking at hydrogen production, the minimum water electrolysis can consume is about 9 kg of water per kg of hydrogen. (1). H 2 Higher Heating Value: 39.4 kWh/kg; H 2 Lower Heating Value: 33.3 kWh/kg Steam is then added to the cooled gas in the shift reactor to convert the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and more hydrogen. [1][2] Other methods of hydrogen production include biomass gasification, zero-CO2-emission methane pyrolysis, and electrolysis of water. Due to heat losses and inefficiencies, the actual number in practice in a large hydrogen plant is 21.9 metric tons. [59] The thermodynamic energy required for hydrogen by electrolysis translates to 33 kWh/kg, which is higher than steam reforming with carbon capture and higher than methane pyrolysis. Learn about new events and offers to keep you at the forefront of industry news and opportunities. The assumption in the industry is that Alkaline and PEM electrolysers will rise to an efficiency of about 75% (44 kWh in, 33.3 kWh out) within five years. Energy needed to make 1 kg of H2 = 32.9 kWh/kg. The hydrogen calculator allows users to convert hydrogen quantities from one standard measure to another whether it's mass, volume, or energy content. These include reed sweetgrass, cordgrass, rice, tomatoes, lupines and algae. In this reaction, natural gas is reacted with steam at an elevated temperature to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Hydrogens dirty secret is that it is produced primarily from fossil fuels. The purpose of this article is to offer some simple rules of thumb that help place hydrogen alongside other parts of the energy system. The natural gas entering the SMR is split before desulfurization, with a small amount of flow mixing with the PSA waste gas and being combusted to provide the high temperatures needed for the reaction. Hydrogen, after mixing with air, produces a flammable mixture at a rate of 4-75% of the volume and an explosive mixture at a rate of 19-59% of the volume. In other words, the energy input in electricity will be greater than the energy output of hydrogen. [98], An aluminum alloy powder invented by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory in 2017 was shown to be capable of producing hydrogen gas upon contact with water or any liquid containing water due to its unique nanoscale galvanic microstructure. Efficiencies range from approximately 30% for gas turbines and up to 60% for large scale combined cycle plants. [citation needed] This makes production of hydrogen via electrolysis cost competitive in many regions already, as outlined by Nel Hydrogen[60] and others, including an article by the IEA[61] examining the conditions which could lead to a competitive advantage for electrolysis. To provide a sense of scale, the UK uses about 300 TWh of electricity a year. Energy Equivalency of Fuels. In electrical terms, the energy density of hydrogen is equal to 33.6 kWh of usable energy per kg, versus diesel which only holds about 12-14 kWh per kg. [110][111][112][113], Hydrogen is used for the conversion of heavy petroleum fractions into lighter ones via hydrocracking. Today, renewable hydrogen from electrolysis costs about $6/kilogram (kg). These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The energy consumed by the process is 10-15 kWh/kg. In a second stage, additional hydrogen is generated through the lower-temperature, exothermic, water-gas shift reaction, performed at about 360C (680F): Essentially, the oxygen (O) atom is stripped from the additional water (steam) to oxidize CO to CO2. The process of coal gasification uses steam and oxygen to break molecular bonds in coal and form a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. MRE electrolyzers require 48 kilowatt hours (KWH) of electricity to produce 1 kg of hydrogen. Hydrogen can be combusted directly, or it can be used in a fuel cell to produce electricity. Steam-methane reformation currently produces about 95 percent of the hydrogen used in the United States. It is coy about the prices it expects for its own products, but I guess that it projects about $500 per kilowatt of capacity by mid-decade.[4]. LIN 5, Will the efficiency of electrolysers rise? Users can specify the input and output units including the factors, units, and time period. Users can specify the input and output units including the factors, units, and time period. The fuel cells themselves must also be built, and there are carbon emissions associated with those construction processes. The conversion can be accomplished in several ways, but all methods are generally more expensive than fossil-fuel based production methods. 171-199 (The Fairmont Press, inc., 2007). [14] It is a "no-greenhouse-gas" approach for potentially low-cost hydrogen production being measured for its capability to scale up[15] and for operation at scale. What this really means is that 1 kg of hydrogen, used in a fuel cell . Part 4: Production from electricity by means of electrolysis", "high-rate and high efficiency 3D water electrolysis", "DOE Technical Targets for Hydrogen Production from Electrolysis", "Xcel Attracts 'Unprecedented' Low Prices for Solar and Wind Paired With Storage", "Wide Spread Adaption of Competitive Hydrogen Solution", "Commentary: Producing industrial hydrogen from renewable energy", "Emerging electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies", "Long-Term Sustainability of a High-Energy, Low-Diversity Crustal Biome", "Dream or Reality? The lower heating value of hydrogen can be expressed as 33.33 kWh/kg or 3.00 kWh/Nm. In fossil fuels, it is combined with carbon as in petroleum, natural gas or coal. Hydrogen produced by steam reformation costs approximately three times the cost of natural gas per unit of energy produced. 4 How far can a car travel on 1 kg of hydrogen? The industrial quality solid carbon can then be sold as manufacturing feedstock or landfilled, it is not released into the atmosphere and does not pollute groundwater in landfills. Additional heat required to drive the process is generally supplied by burning some portion of the methane. When it is burned with oxygen, the only by products are heat and water. Fuel cells are more expensive to produce . 2007-2014 University of Central Florida. The resulting endothermic reaction breaks up the methane molecules and forms carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen (H2). Consumption under WLTP is rated at 1.19 kg/100 km Advertisement 8 These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. How much does it cost to produce 1kg of hydrogen? A subsequent reaction the water gas shift reaction then reacts additional steam with the carbon monoxide to produce additional hydrogen and carbon dioxide. What this really means is that 1 kg of hydrogen, used in a fuel cell to power an electric motor, contains approximately the same energy as a gallon of diesel. This leads to SMR onsite CO 2 emissions of about 9.4 kg/kg H 2, or 82,658 g CO2 /mmbtu H 2, or 78.3 g CO 2 /MJ H 2, in LHV, which is close to the median CO 2 from the GHGRP as reported above. A survey of the major manufacturers suggests a figure of about 50 kWh at present for both Alkaline and PEM electrolysers. A typical operational figure is abou. For example, power plants usually report carbon footprints in terms of kilowatt-hours (kWh). Using microbial fuel cells, wastewater or plants can be used to generate power. Dimensions Hydrogen Methane Density at NTP kg/m 3 0.09 0.72 Gravimetric HHV MJ/kg 142.0 55.6 Volumetric HHV MJ/m 3 12.7 40.0 Figure 2 shows the volumetric HHV energy densities of different energy carrier . The heat energy can be provided from a number of different sources, including waste industrial heat, nuclear power stations or concentrated solar thermal plants. using atmospheric electrolyses. [34] The electrical efficiency of electrolysis is expected to reach 8286%[35] before 2030, while also maintaining durability as progress in this area continues apace. One of the advantages of electrolysis over hydrogen from steam methane reforming (SMR) is that the hydrogen can be produced on-site, meaning that the costly process of delivery via truck or pipeline is avoided. It is not a feasible method for industry. The calculator also accounts for different periods of time and units of measurement. However, the devices commonly found in operation for this process are less efficient. How far can a car travel on 1 kg of hydrogen? 10, 22,000 TWh is roughly equivalent to 15% of total world primary energy demand. How far can you drive with 1 kg of hydrogen? The CSIRO paper begins by defining ammonia as either having an energy content of 5.17 MWh per metric ton if used as a direct fuel (based on ammonia's lower heating value, LHV), or having a hydrogen energy content of 5.91 MWh/ton if cracked back into hydrogen before use in a hydrogen fuel cell (based on hydrogen's LHV). The lower the energy used by a generator, the higher would be its efficiency; a 100%-efficient electrolyser would consume 39.4 kilowatt-hours per kilogram (142MJ/kg) of hydrogen,[45] 12,749 joules per litre (12.75MJ/m3). There are two practical ways of producing hydrogen from renewable energy sources. It reportedly generates hydrogen at 100 percent of the theoretical yield without the need for any catalysts, chemicals, or externally supplied power.[99][100]. Alkaline and PEM electrolysers offer performance of this level but Solid Oxide electrolysers already offer 80% conversion of electricity to hydrogen. Hydrogen is not an energy source, but is an energy vector or carrier. Hydrogen costs may be quoted in $/kg or . [2]This will have an energy value of about 16,500 TWh, or about 40% of the worlds current consumption of natural gas. Energy Density of Hydrogen. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies In general, all fuel cells have the same basic configuration an electrolyte and two Thermochemical cycles combine solely heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions to split water into its hydrogen and oxygen components. [74] The heating temperature can be reduced by applying catalysts which allow the water decomposition by steps with lower energy. endstream endobj 29 0 obj <>>>/Lang(en)/MarkInfo<>/Metadata 8 0 R/OpenAction 30 0 R/PageLayout/SinglePage/Pages 26 0 R/StructTreeRoot 15 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 30 0 obj <> endobj 31 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Properties<>/Shading<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Tabs/S/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 252.0 360.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 32 0 obj <>stream ), one ton of hydrogen produced will also produce 9 to 12 tons of CO2, a greenhouse gas that may be captured. Nevertheless, if a cheap source of electricity is available such as excess grid electricity at certain times of the day it may be economical to produce hydrogen in this way. [107] Hydrogen produced from nuclear energy via electrolysis is sometimes viewed as a subset of green hydrogen, but can also be referred to as pink hydrogen. Let C be . To use the hydrogen for power, it still must be compressed, transported, and either combusted or converted to electricity in a fuel cell. When ignited, the gas mixture converts to water vapor and releases energy, which sustains the reaction: 241.8 kJ of energy (LHV) for every mole of H2 burned. A mole of hydrogen weighs 2 grams. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_production&oldid=1140783585, Articles with dead external links from November 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with incomplete citations from March 2013, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:43. [101] This is often referred to as grey hydrogen when emissions are released to the atmosphere, and blue hydrogen when emissions are captured through carbon capture and storage (CCS). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The amount of CO 2 produced when a fuel is burned is a function of the carbon content of the fuel. [75] The source energy is mainly solar energy, with help of photosynthetic microorganisms to decompose water or biomass to produce hydrogen. If the electricity for electrolysis comes from renewables (wind and solar), there is no 'direct' release of . The chemical reaction takes the general form: Idealized examples for heating oil and coal, assuming compositions C12H24 and C24H12 respectively, are as follows: The Kvrner process or Kvaerner carbon black & hydrogen process (CB&H)[22] is a plasma reforming method, developed in the 1980s by a Norwegian company of the same name, for the production of hydrogen and carbon black from liquid hydrocarbons (CnHm). A steady 150 Watts of power (ignoring daylight cycles) would be able to produce about 0.003 kg (3 grams) of H2 per hour with an STP volume of about 0.0337 cubic meters. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The process works. Heat value. Generating Hydrogen by electrolysis from wind farm electricity is now the cheapest way of producing the gas.Fuel Cells. Pyrolysis of methane is a hydrogen production process from natural gas. Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries", "Review of renewable energy-based hydrogen production processes for sustainable energy innovation", "Hydrogen rich fuel gas production by gasification of wet biomass using a CO2 sorbent", "Progress of nuclear hydrogen production through the iodinesulfur process in China", Producing hydrogen: The Thermochemical cycles, IEA Energy Technology Essentials - Hydrogen Production & Distribution, "HTTR High Temperature engineering Test Reactor", https://smr.inl.gov/Document.ashx?path=DOCS%2FGCR-Int%2FNHDDELDER.pdf, "Status report 101 - Gas Turbine High Temperature Reactor (GTHTR300C)", "JAEA'S VHTR FOR HYDROGEN AND ELECTRICITY COGENERATION: GTHTR300C", "Process Simulation of Nuclear-Based Thermochemical Hydrogen Production with a Copper-Chlorine Cycle", Report No 40: The ferrosilicon process for the generation of hydrogen, Candid science: conversations with famous chemists, "Analytical approaches to photobiological hydrogen production in unicellular green algae", "Photocatalytic Water Splitting Under Visible Light: Concept and Catalysts Development", "Hydrogen production by photoelectrolysis of aqueous solutions of phenol using mixed oxide semiconductor films of BiNbMO (M=Al, Fe, Ga, In) as photoanodes", "Development of a mathematical methodology to investigate biohydrogen production from regional and national agricultural crop residues: A case study of Iran", "Optimization of organosolv pretreatment of rice straw for enhanced biohydrogen production using Enterobacter aerogenes", Wageningen University and Research Centre, "Aluminum Based Nanogalvanic Alloys for Hydrogen Generation", "Army discovery may offer new energy source", "First element in periodic table: Why all the fuss about hydrogen? As noted in our gasoline example, CO is 3.67 times heavier than carbon. Hydrogen is not only the cleanest fuel but also widely used in a number of industries, especially fertilizer, petrochemical and food ones. [6] Depending on the quality of the feedstock (natural gas, rich gases, naphtha, etc. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. The carbon footprint of hydrogen production via SMR can be broken down into two parts. For example, in water, hydrogen is combined with oxygen. A heavy steel pressure vessel is filled with sodium hydroxide and ferrosilicon, closed, and a controlled amount of water is added; the dissolving of the hydroxide heats the mixture to about 93C and starts the reaction; sodium silicate, hydrogen and steam are produced. Electrolysis uses electricity to produce hydrogen. This means that if natural gas costs $6/million BTU, then hydrogen will be $18/million BTU. To produce one kg of H2 you need 9 kg of water. The heat content or the amount of energy produced when a fuel is burned is mainly determined by the carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) content of the fuel. Under ambient conditions, a cubic metre of hydrogen provides some 3 kWh, equivalent to 0.003 kWh per litre. hbbd```b```6dRln`5\V"9@$r "X8X g*"`>E$O`0XDy }L@wq These systems are generally passive, and while there are some minor carbon emissions associated with them, they are insignificant compared to the rest of the system. Therefore: 1000 gallons of water 3 = (produces) 333 kg of H2 50 gallons per drum = 6.66 "barrels of H2" per 1000 gallons of water. Also, producing hydrogen from electrolysis with electricity at 5 cents/kWh . This converts to 9.3 kilograms (kg) of CO2produced per kg of hydrogen production. Biohydrogen can be produced in bioreactors. To provide a sense of scale, the UK uses about 300 TWh of electricity a year. The generator is small enough to fit a truck and requires only a small amount of electric power, the materials are stable and not combustible, and they do not generate hydrogen until mixed. 2, Estimates vary, but about 70 million tonnes of pure hydrogen is . The higher heating value is 39.39 kWh/kg or 3.54 kWh/Nm. This will be the topic of a future article. Nearly 50% of the world's hydrogen is being produced by this method. A car needs 1.6 kilogram of hydrogen for every 100 miles covered. Also, producing hydrogen from electrolysis with electricity at 5 cents/kWh will cost $28/million BTU slightly less than two times the cost of hydrogen from natural gas. Adding this to the carbon dioxide produced from the natural gas reactions, the total becomes 19.3 metric tons of carbon dioxide produced per million SCF of hydrogen. mol - 1 + Heat 48.6 kJ. The desulfurization step consists of passing the natural gas over a catalyst. 28 0 obj <> endobj In the process of producing one molecule of CO2, four molecules of hydrogen (H2) are produced, with the steam contributing the additional hydrogen. CC-HOD (Catalytic Carbon - Hydrogen On Demand) is a low-temperature process in which carbon and aluminium are submerged and heated to about 80C (176F), causing a chemical reaction which produces hydrogen. 12, The amount of electrolysis capacity required to make 500 million tonnes of hydrogen a year depends on how many hours a year that the electrolysers work. Electrolysis is commonly used to demonstrate chemical reactions and hydrogen production in high school science classes. The bacterial community which was dominated by a new phylotype of Desulfotomaculum, was feeding on primarily radiolytically produced hydrogen. You may opt-out by. Also referred to as energy or calorific value, heat value is a measure of a fuel's energy density, and is expressed in energy (joules) per specified amount ( e.g. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Photofermentation differs from dark fermentation because it only proceeds in the presence of light. complete answer on computerweekly.com, View [8] Specifically, bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of methane or natural gas. [7], Among hydrogen production methods such as steam methane reforming, thermal cracking, coal and biomass gasification and pyrolysis, electrolysis, and photolysis, biological ones are more eco-friendly and less energy intensive. The energy content of hydrogen is described by its (lower and higher) heating value. The discovery and development of less expensive methods of production of bulk hydrogen is relevant to the establishment of a hydrogen economy.[7]. The iX5's two hydrogen tanks hold a combined six kilograms, and offer an WLTP-cycle range of 504 km. Therefore, hydrogen can be used as a low-carbon fuel source. Hydrogen production from natural gas and biomethane with carbon capture and storage A techno-environmental analysis", Antonini et al. 1, A kilogramme of hydrogen - the unit most often used has an energy value of about 33.3 kWh. 6, Nov-Dec, 2004, page 43, "Hydrogen: Automotive Fuel of the Future," by FSEC's Ali T-Raissi and David Block. [83], Ferrosilicon is used by the military to quickly produce hydrogen for balloons. [88], The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of water splitting process is one of the most interesting ways to achieve clean and renewable energy systems. How is the energy density of hydrogen determined? Coke oven gas made from pyrolysis (oxygen free heating) of coal has about 60% hydrogen, the rest being methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, molecular nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Family of industrial methods for generating hydrogen, Energy, U. S. D. o. Instead of 55 kWh as in PEM electrolysis, only 41.4 kWh of electricity are needed to produce 1 kilogram of hydrogen. The high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is one of the most promising CO2-free nuclear technique to produce hydrogen by splitting water in a large scale. The chemical reaction uses sodium hydroxide, ferrosilicon, and water. Hydrogen production from heavy hydrocarbons, which are unsuitable for catalytic steam reforming, is achieved by partial oxidation. Electrolysis of ammonia in waste water consumes just 1.55 kWh of electrical energy to produce 1 kg of hydrogen. 84 (Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, 2008). Therefore most of the UKs current North Sea wind output from 13 GW of wind would be needed to make one million tonnes of H2. Receive the Free RBN Daily Energy Blog via email every morning to stay on top of energy market trends and the mechanics that drive them. The 2 main ways to produce hydrogen from renewables are: . ) to express MWh. [25], There are three main types of electrolytic cells, solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs), polymer electrolyte membrane cells (PEM) and alkaline electrolysis cells (AECs). Thus, per 1 million standard cubic feet (SCF) of hydrogen produced from methane, 250,000 SCF of CO2will be produced. [18][19][20] Other forms of methane pyrolysis, such as the thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane, however, are able to operate at a reduced temperature between 600C - 1000C depending on the chosen catalyst.[21]. 2, Estimates vary, but about 70 million tonnes of pure hydrogen is made today, mostly for the fertiliser and oil refinery industries. Diesel fuel and heating oil conversion calculator. Off peak rate of $0.03/kw x 32.9 kWh = $0.987/kg. Although requiring expensive technologies, hydrogen can be cooled, compressed and purified for use in other processes on site or sold to a customer via pipeline, cylinders or trucks. The production of hydrogen plays a key role in any industrialized society, since hydrogen is required for many essential chemical processes. One million SCF of hydrogen contains 79,100 kilowatt hours of energy. For a full comparison, pressure and purity of the hydrogen produced also need to be considered. Over 95% of the worlds hydrogen is produced using the steam methane reforming process (SMR). of moles in one kilograms If electricity is partially used as an input, the resulting thermochemical cycle is defined as a hybrid one. President George W. Bush touted the potential for a hydrogen economy in his 2003 State of the Union address. [44] AECs optimally operate at high concentrations of electrolyte (KOH or potassium carbonate) and at high temperatures, often near 200C (392F). The cycle can be performed with any source of very high temperatures, approximately 950C, such as by Concentrating solar power systems (CSP) and is regarded as being well suited to the production of hydrogen by high-temperature nuclear reactors,[78] and as such, is being studied in the High-temperature engineering test reactor in Japan. All the energy we use, including hydrogen, must be produced from one of these three primary energy resources. At the current efficiency level of about 67%, the world will need about 50 terawatt hours for each million tonnes of green hydrogen. For example, studies on hydrogen production using H. salinarium, an anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria, coupled to a hydrogenase donor like E. coli, are reported in literature. All e-mails from the system will be sent to this address. The molecular weight of H2 is 2.016 grams per mole. There are several methods for producing or extracting hydrogen. What are the physical state of oxygen at room temperature? Learn more about electrolysis. This involves a pressurization step that causes impurities to bind to an adsorbent, while hydrogen passes through. How do I make sure lice doesn't come back? When electricity is used to produce hydrogen, thermodynamics dictate that you will always produce less energy than you consume. So, let us examine the carbon footprint of hydrogen when produced via the common SMR process. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. By contrast, hydrogen has an energy density of approximately 120 MJ/kg, almost three times more than diesel or gasoline. Hydrogen fuel, when produced by renewable sources of energy like wind or solar power, is a renewable fuel. The Golden Age For Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). It seems that the production is now economically feasible by surpassing the 710 percent energy efficiency (the conversion of sunlight into hydrogen) barrier. . It is highly flammable, needing only a small amount of energy to ignite and burn. For example, photo-fermentation with Rhodobacter sphaeroides SH2C can be employed to convert small molecular fatty acids into hydrogen. Biocatalysed electrolysis should not be confused with biological hydrogen production, as the latter only uses algae and with the latter, the algae itself generates the hydrogen instantly, where with biocatalysed electrolysis, this happens after running through the microbial fuel cell and a variety of aquatic plants[97] can be used. [39], SOECs operate at high temperatures, typically around 800C (1,470F). This means that if natural gas costs $6/million BTU, then hydrogen will be $18/million BTU. That is equivalent to a 7:1 H2 to crude oil ratio. between 0.80.9 kg/kWh, seven plants use between 0.9- 1.0 kg/kWh, and at three plants - coal usage exceeds 1.0 kg/kWh. Fermentative hydrogen production is the fermentative conversion of organic substrate to biohydrogen manifested by a diverse group of bacteria using multi enzyme systems involving three steps similar to anaerobic conversion. Praxair It can be used as a source of power, and it is an important feed stock for many petrochemical processes. As of 2020, the cost of hydrogen by electrolysis is around $38/kg. In this report, when quoting MW or MWh, they refer to MW H2 (HHV) and MWh H2 (HHV), unless otherwise st ated. How much energy does it take to produce 1kg of hydrogen? How much energy is released when hydrogen and oxygen are ignited? Electrolysis is a process that splits hydrogen from water using an electric current. Find us on Facebook. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. How much energy is produced? Is it easy to get an internship at Microsoft? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title.

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