factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria

The conquest and colonization of the Nigerian territory stirring up nationalist sentiments among the few educated elements mostly foreign educated Africans and liberated slaves, and later African students in Britain. The CMS initially promoted Africans to responsible positions in the mission field; for instance, they appointed Samuel Ajayi Crowther as the first Anglican Bishop of the Niger. "Nigerian Forces Comforts Fund, 19401947: 'The Responsibility of the Nigerian Government to Provide Funds for the Welfare of Its Soldiers'. [19], West Africa also bought British exports, supplying 3040% of the demand for British cotton during the Industrial Revolution of 17501790.[27]. Quiz. Aside from the possibility of treasure, the European governments aimed to find a passage through the Americas to Asia. The Colonial Office approved most of Lugard's plan, but balked at authorising him to pass laws without their approval. Its final leg enabled it to meet another line, constructed 19071911, running from Baro, through Minnia, to Kano. Because of the hazards of climate and tropical diseases for Europeans and the absence of any centralized authorities on the mainland responsive to their interests, European merchants moored their ships outside harbours or in the delta, and used the ships as trading stations and warehouses. Modern nationalists in the south, whose thinking was shaped by European ideas, opposed indirect rule, as they believed that it had strengthened what they considered an anachronistic ruling class and shut out the emerging Westernised elite. Great Britain was the leaders at this time in colonizing the land filled with rich natural recourses. These were the Agent-General, the Senior Judicial Officer, and the Commandant of the Constabulary. This was a case of plenty harvest but few hands to cultivate. They were instrumental in the development of government diplomacy with the traditional rulers; they spread government propaganda among the indigenous people; and they assisted colonial officials in parleying with native forces at war with government troops. Total revenues of central and regional governments nearly doubled in relation to the gross domestic product during the decade. Britain withdrew from the slave trade when it was the major transporter of slaves to the Americas. Ken Swindell, "The Commercial Development of the North: Company and Government Relations, 19001906". Other firms applying for licenses were rejected. [29] His servant, Richard Lander, and Lander's brother John were the ones to demonstrate that the Niger flowed into the sea. The NPC platform emphasized the integrity of the north, its traditions, religion and social order. [74] But with the advancement and efficiency of colonial transportation networks, it was only a matter of time before the disease began to spread into the interior. The Governor was, in effect, the coordinator for virtually autonomous entities that had overlapping economic interests but little in common politically or socially. [75] The colonial government was not equipped nor ready in general for such a situation. Far from that, NEPU political struggles transformed the Nigerian Independence struggle from the fight against the British to a fight against both the British and the local agents of the British (the Aristocracy). The trend was toward the establishment of a parliamentary system of government, with regional assemblies and a federal House of Representatives. The delta masked the mouth of the great river, and for centuries Nigerians chose not to tell Europeans the secrets of the interior. For some time, missionaries operated in the area between Lagos and Ibadan. The large companies that subsequently opened depots in the delta cities and in Lagos were as ruthlessly competitive as the delta towns themselves and frequently used force to compel potential suppliers to agree to contracts and to meet their demands. Observers have pinned the 'humanity's worst mistake' label on several of history's major institutions, ranging from the adoption of agriculture to twentieth-century communism (Diamond Reference Diamond 1987; Economist 2009).In our assessment, the institution of modern colonialism - meaning the exploration, conquest, settlement, and political dominance of distant lands by European and . The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. The small contingent of northerners who had been educated abroada group that included Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and Aminu Kanowas allied with British-backed efforts to introduce gradual change to the emirates. . Otherwise, the Governor-General's office was essentially ceremonial. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. The war was between the Republic of Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra, a secessionist nation that had declared independence from Nigeria. Three of these posts were assigned to representatives from each region, and one was reserved for a delegate from the Northern Cameroons. Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. Because of the spread of mission schools and wealth derived from export crops, the southern parties were committed to policies that would benefit the south of the country. rockin' the west coast prayer group; easy bulky sweater knitting pattern. Accordingly, as the volume of trade increased, merchants requested that the Government of the United Kingdom appoint a consul to cover the region. The conquest was personal to William. Several churches were built to serve the Edo community and a small number of African converts. British expansion accelerated in the last decades of the nineteenth century. All the territories were now under British control, and the search for an identity began, first as Northern and Southern Nigeria and then with eventual amalgamation. During World War II, three battalions of the Nigeria Regiment fought against Fascist Italy in the Ethiopian campaign. It was also partly to protect the Egba that the British shelled Lagos in 1851, expelled Kosoko, the reigning oba, and restored his uncle, Akitoye, who appeared more willing to join in a campaign to abolish the slave trade. After the defection of Kano, the only significant disagreement within the NPC was related to moderates. oriented. The early history of Lagos Colony was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. [27] To produce all this oil, the economy of the southern region crossed over from mostly subsistence to the production of palm oil as a cash crop.[28]. The officers of the RWAFF were British. A people with no knowledge of their past would suffer from collective amnesia, groping blindly into the future without guide-posts of precedence to shape their course. "Separatist Agitations in Nigeria Since 1914." The NCNC backed creation of a midwest state and proposed federal control of education and health services. What Britain Did to Nigeria: A Short History of Conquest and Rule by Max Siollun Hurst, 20, 408 pages Join our online book group on Facebook at FT Books Caf Letter in response to this article: If adopted, his proposals can hardly be a permanent solution and I gather that Sir F. Lugard only regards them as temporaryat any rate in part. (Specifically it would enable direct subsidy of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction.) The legitimate trade in commodities attracted a number of British merchants to the Niger River, as well as some men who had been formerly engaged in the slave trade but who now changed their line of wares. Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. Much of the human trafficking which occurred there was nominally illegal, and records from this time and place are not comprehensive. Inconsistencies in British policy reinforced existing cleavages based on regional animosities, as the British tried both to preserve the indigenous cultures of each area and to introduce modern technology, and Western political and social concepts. The Lander brothers were seized by slave traders in the interior and sold down the river to a waiting European ship. The introduction of the federal principle, with deliberative authority devolved on the regions, signalled recognition of the country's diversity. The company's major imports to the area included gin and low-quality firearms. The company negotiated treaties with Sokoto, Gwandu and Nupe that were interpreted as guaranteeing exclusive access to trade in return for the payment of annual tribute. In 1916 Lugard formed the Nigerian Council, a consultative body that brought together six traditional rulersincluding the Sultan of Sokoto, the Emir of Kano and the Oba of Beninto represent all parts of the colony. He used for the first time in Nigeria modern, sometimes flamboyant, electioneering techniques. The principal figure in the political activity that ensued was Herbert Macauley, often referred to as the father of Nigerian nationalism. In practice, British administrative procedures under indirect rule entailed constant interaction between colonial authorities and local rulersthe system was modified to fit the needs of each region. During the 1880's through 1914, the start of WWI, was an age of imperialism. Crowther, a liberated Yoruba slave, had been educated in Sierra Leone and in Britain, where he was ordained before returning to his homeland with the first group of CMS missionaries. One of the most effective tactics, the British used to take over most of India. But in the 1700s, the Bight of Benin (also known as the Slave Coast) became the next most important hub. In the immediate post-World War II period, Nigeria benefited from a favourable trade balance. Significantly, Macauley's NNDP remained almost entirely a Lagos party, popular only in the area whose people already had experience in elective politics. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884. [79][80], Much of the colony's budget went to payments of its military, the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF). Its residents were employed in official capacities and were active in business. In quick order, a large British military forcedeemed the Punitive Expeditionwas assembled, and on February 18, they arrived in Benin City under orders to invade and conquer it. ", Helen Chapin Metz, ed. They later discovered that the demand for palm oil was in fact stimulating an internal slave trade, because slaves were largely responsible for collecting palm fruits, manufacturing palm oil, and transporting it to the coast, whether by canoe or by human porterage. To establish settled government in the newly won districts; To improve and extend native footpaths throughout the country; To construct properly graded roads in the more populated districts; To clear the numerous rivers in the country and make them suitable for launch and canoe traffic; and. [64], Each region also had a Native Administration, staffed by locals, and possessing a Native Treasury. The National Youth Movement used nationalist rhetoric to agitate for improvements in education. In 1900, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate passed from company hands to the Crown. [] They needed special personnel: such officials who knew the local conditions and who could communicate between the Company and the indigenous people. In consideration of the foregoing, the said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves not to interfere with any of the native laws or customs of the country, consistently with the maintenance of order and good government [and] agree to pay native owners of land a reasonable amount for any portion they may require. At first, they lived in small family groups, but gradually these groups developed into a. In Europe, Britain sent troops to help its ally, Prussia, which was surrounded by its enemies. The Deputy Governor served as political administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. They received attention from major parties before elections, at which time either a dominant party from another region or the opposition party in their region sought their alliance. The slave trade was heaviest in the period 17001850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792. In the 1850s, quinine had been found to combat malaria, and aided by the medicine, a Liverpool merchant, Macgregor Laird, opened the river. It is not a federal state with federal Executive, Legislature and finances, like the Leewards. In addition, two other protectorates were declared, one over the Oil Rivers and the other over the hinterland of Lagos, to establish a claim that these areas were also British spheres of interest.. Catholic missionaries were particularly active among the Igbo; the CMS worked among the Yoruba. Antrobus, Fiddes and Strachey in the Colonial Office promoted amalgamation, along with Lugard. [73], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. His government guided the country for the next three years, operating with almost complete autonomy in internal affairs. There were some specific outcomes and impacts for Africans as a result of WWI. [] These intermediaries assisted government diplomacy and helped to establish and maintain relations between the company and the traditional rulers. European traders in Nigeria initially made widespread use of the cowrie, which was already valued locally. The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. As a protectorate, it did not have the status of a colony, so its officials were appointed by the Foreign Office and not by the Colonial Office. British soap and cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused. by | Jun 15, 2022 | north node conjunct neptune synastry | greek mythology son falls in love with mother | Jun 15, 2022 | north node conjunct neptune synastry | greek mythology son falls in love with mother [21], Whether British conquest of Nigeria resulted from a benevolent motive to end slavery or more instrumental motives of wealth and power, remains a topic of dispute between African and European historians. Most accounts of Nigeria's colonisation were written by British officials, presenting it as a noble civilising mission to rid Africans of barbaric superstition and corrupt tribal leadership. This led to protests known as Women's War. Many Muslims resorted to migration as a form of resistance, a tactic known as the hejira, in which those perceived as infidels are avoided. The British also created "divide and rule" policies, pitting Hindu and Muslim Indians against one another. Out of reverence for traditional kingship, for instance, the Oba of Benin, whose office was closely identified with Edo religion, was accepted as the sponsor of a Yoruba political movement. Lord Lugard recorded a huge success mainly because he used the highly developed traditional system of administration that was already in existence in the Northern Nigeria. Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognised the risks of British expansion. The Industrial Revolution was a period of scientific and technological development in the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societiesespecially in Europe and North America . In the south, by contrast, traditional rulers were employed as vehicles of indirect rule in Edoland and Yorubaland, but Christianity and Western education undermined their sacerdotal functions. The Resident also oversaw a Provincial Court at the region's capital. The cleavage between the Yoruba and the Igbo was accentuated by their competition for control of the political machinery. Goods were made available on credit to African middlemen, who were expected to trade them at a pre-arranged price and deliver the proceeds to the company. By 18261850, the British Royal Navy was intervening significantly with Lagos slave exports. In the Bight of Biafra, the major ports were Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa), Bonny and New Calabar. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) was organised in the late 1940s by a small group of Western-educated Northern Nigerians. The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers. Herbert Richmond Palmer developed details of this model from 1906 to 1911 as the Governor of Northern Nigeria after Lugard.[66]. The colonial economic policies in Nigeria, for instance, discouraged indigenous industrialization, but promoted export crop and mineral production to feed the British factories. Developed from Mayan civilization B. acquired empires by means of military conquest C. Independently developed iron technology D. Depended entirely on oral record keeping . The emirs gave support to limited modernization largely from fears of the unsettling presence of southerners in the north, and by observing the improvements in living conditions in the South. It was replaced by a new coalition government led by David Lloyd George featuring Conservatives and Lloyd George's supporters in the Liberal Party, while Asquith and the remainder of the Liberals entered opposition.[69]. E-mail: tundeoduwobi@yahoo.com Recibido: 15 Marzo 2011 / Revisado: 7 Abril 2011 / Aceptado: 17 Abril . Among the other major parties, the NCNC took fifty-six seats, winning a majority in both the Eastern and the Western regions, while the Action Group captured only twenty-seven seats. The so-called Macpherson Constitution, after the incumbent Governor-General John Stuart Macpherson, went into effect the following year. The company received 865,000 compensation for the loss of its Charter. In elections that year, the NYM ended the domination of the NNDP in the Legislative Council and worked to establish a national network of affiliates. Borno capitulated without a fight, but in 1903 Lugard's RWAFF mounted assaults on Kano and Sokoto. A third type of organisation that was more pointedly political was the youth or student group, which became the vehicle of intellectuals and professionals. [58], Some of these public work projects were accomplished with the help of forced labour from native black Africans, referred to as "Political Labour". 1819 - Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles. In a sense, you can say that the British were the cause of the Biafran Civil War which happened in Nigeria from 1967 to 1970. Public works, such as harbour dredging and road and railway construction, opened Nigeria to economic development. A third of the people associated with an 1842 riverine expedition died. Local rulers continued to administer their territories, but consular authorities assumed jurisdiction for the equity courts established earlier by the foreign mercantile communities. Combining the three jurisdictions would reduce administrative expenses and facilitate deployment of resources and money between the areas. Resistance was strong in western Igboland, where a series of wars were waged against the British. Bello wanted to protect northern social and political institutions from southern influence. . by How Africa 6 years ago. 12 tribes of israel family tree; why did poseidon often adopt the shape of a steed. The official languages of Kenya, for example, are English and Kiswahili, while Zimbabwe -- formerly Rhodesia under British colonial rule -- uses English as its only official language. There were three main factors that contributed to the European colonization Africa which were, political, social, and economic. During the war, union membership increased sixfold to 30,000. [11] [12] Although lacking Azikiwe's compelling personality, Awolowo was a formidable debater as well as a vigorous and tenacious political campaigner. FACTORS THAT LED TO NATIONALISM IN NIGERIA. It was suspended in 1950 against a call for greater autonomy, which resulted in an inter-parliamentary conference at Ibadan in 1950. At first, the trade centered around West Central Africa, now the Congo. One place that felt victim to this imperialism was Africa. Lugard, replacing Egerton as Governor, aborted the project in May 1913. In time they captured Oba Ovonramwen and sent him into exile to Calabar, a town east of Benin. France sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803, the same year that it gave up on trying to regain Saint-Domingue from the Haitian Revolution. The NPC continued to represent the interests of the traditional order in the pre-independence deliberations. sutton united average attendance; granville woods most famous invention; alcoa utilities power outage; An example was that at Onitsha, where they could bargain directly with local suppliers and purchase products likely to turn a profit. While they all shared a desire for wealth and power, their motivations for colonization differed somewhat, and thus the pattern and success of their colonies varied significantly. Beecroft was the British representative to Fernando Po, where the African Slave Trade Patrol of the Royal Navy was stationed. Village Heads were paid 10 shillings for conscripts, and fined 50 if they failed to supply. The Delta streams were called "oil rivers". This line was extended to Oshogbo, 100 kilometres (62mi) away, in 19051907, and to Zungeru and Minna in 19081911.

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