The objective is to place each new student in courses commensurate with their academic profile, previous experience and potential for academic success. Sample problem types might include: In addition to the problem-solving component, students who take Engineering 101 will learn aspects of the C++ programming languages and be exposed to the MATLAB programming language. Details on each of the sections can be found at the Engineering 100 website: http://eng100.engin.umich.edu. Established. Students who have not selected a degree program should consult the Engineering Advising Center for their course selections. Engineering 151 provides an accelerated alternative to Engineering 101 for students either with previous programming experience or with strong motivation and natural intuition for algorithms. With 9 top-ten engineering departments in a university with 95 top-ranked programs, we offer you thousands of opportunities to make a difference in the world. The dual degree program requires specified coursework that equals a minimum of 141 total credits. (Current and admitted UM students only.). You can change the world. Objectives: Within 5 yearsafter graduating: Outcomes: The outcome that we desire is that our graduates demonstrate: Information, Communication, and Data Science, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, The Regents of the University of Michigan. If I were to provide really solid advice it is this: dig deep into your engineering education and commit, give it 150%, dont squander that which is a resource you cannot buy more of (time), and most importantly, have fun! in quantum research and international cooperation, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, The Regents of the University of Michigan. Discover the various salary ranges based on experience level and location. Established. Research,Careers,Degrees and specializations, Specialty: Artificial photosynthesis, solar fuels, and solar cells; LEDs; Nanotechnology. I then moved to Planetary Resources in Seattle, to be part of a smaller team working on the ambitious goal of asteroid mining, working as a spacecraft systems engineer. The Worlds Smallest Computer, developed by Prof. David Blaauw, helped yield new insights into the survival of a native snail important to Tahitian culture and ecology and to biologists studying evolution, while proving the viability of similar studies of very small animals including insects. Everactive has grown to 50+ employees in 3 locations, deploying batteryless, wireless sensing solutions for industrial applications. in Electrical Engineering or M.S. As time went on, QS grew into a more full-fledged engineering research and development organization, taking on projects from both the government and the commercial sector, in fields as varied as automotive, defense, consumer products, and even entertainment! Important notes (1) You must receive a grade of C (some departments are now requiring a C in all math, science, and engineering core courses) or better in Engineering 101 or Engineering 151 to fulfill the requirement, however earning a grade lower than C may negatively impact a students eligibility to declare a program and may require repeating the course. A maximum of 3 credits of directed study is allowed for technical elective credit. When I started at the University of Michigan, I knew I wanted to be an electrical engineer, but at Michigan I became involved with the Student Space Systems Fabrication Lab (S3FL) working on the Icarus satellite project, was able to find my passion in working on space projects and my skill as a systems engineer. I travel back to Ann Arbor multiple times a year and continue to enjoy the great atmosphere. Harvey Mudd College, BS Engineering Science, 1962, University of Michigan, MSE Computer, Information, and Control Engineering, 1974, University of Michigan, Ph.D. Computer, Information, and Control Engineering, 1988. Note: Chemical Engineering, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering each requires one course in economics. The objective of Engineering 101 is to introduce students in Engineering to the algorithmic method that drives the information age. In the earliest years, the company scraped along doing consulting and minor development work for a very small number of clients, and I was the only full-time team member. Please see. Students desiring admission to the program must have earned a Bachelor's degree in Electrical and/or Computer Engineering with an overall GPA of 3.0 or higher. The Data Science major is open to students in the Colleges of LSA and Engineering. When I found that permanent employment was an oxymoron, I transitioned to job shopping for ten years before retiring at 70. Making a world of difference. Apply and join us. Our Undergraduate Program Advisor is always here to help! You've got this: Apply to Michigan Engineering. He is a Michigan grad and the smartest man who ever lived. I took on the challenge to move to a new industry with different products, different people, new location, and very different business dynamics. These often arise as part of larger, more complex problems in engineering practice. Status: Active . At GomSpace, I began by working on a large commercial communications constellation, but more recently have been working on advanced deep-space CubeSat designs in support of missions for the European Space Agency. Some math and science courses in LSA are considered honors level equivalents of the core math and science requirements. Blue Mountain Electric Inc Additional Information Add Info. He has been a consultant for various companies in areas such as Biomedical applications, gaming software, legal expert advisory, and numerous automotive systems. While these other requirements can seem burdensome, the broader education will serve you well in your career. Our research activities, which range from the nano- to the systems level, are supported by more than $75M in funding annually a clear indication of the strength of our programs and our award-winning faculty. I then played a major management role in the combined companies for five years. You can change the world. Electrical Engineering has evolved to include Electronic I believe we are living in a renaissance of Electronics. I started college thinking that I wanted to work on the space program, but as I got further into my studies I found that I really like system modeling and control. EE students must complete 7 core courses; 10 math, science and communication courses; 6 required Electrical Engineering program courses; 5 electrical or computer interest courses; one depth elective; one breadth elective; 7 approved focus area (FA) courses; 5 general education courses (GEC); and a two-semester capstone design sequence. On average, U-M graduates with a masters degree in an engineering field can earn 15-25% more than those with a bachelors degree in engineering. They provide an outstanding way to build experience and create friendships and contacts that will last far longer than you might expect. The ECE Department offers an evening program of 30 credit hours, leading to the degree of Master of Science in Engineering (Electrical Engineering). Master's. Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Student Council (ECE-GSC), Girls in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Graduate Society of Black Engineers and Scientists, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, National Society of Black Engineers - Michigan Chapter, The Optics Society at the University of Michigan, Out in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers - Michigan Chapter, Society of Women Engineers - Michigan Chapter (SWE), Engineering Career Resource Center - Career Fair, Electrical and Computer Engineering Research, Network, Communication and Information Systems, Signal & Image Processing and Machine Learning. Information, Communication, and Data Science, If your degree is from a non-US institution, verify if your degree meets our bachelors degree requirement here, Click here for more information about recommended tests and minimum test scores, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, The Regents of the University of Michigan, Undergraduate degree (equivalent to US bachelors degree) in engineering, physics, or mathematics, If you have a MS or PhD in ECE from another institution, you cannot apply for the same degree University of Michigan, 3.5 out of 4.0 GPA for the undergraduate degree, A strong emphasis is on fundamental courses (e.g. Most undergraduate AEROSP courses are offered every semester providing flexibility for students to plan their schedule according to their interests and needs, particularly in the junior and senior years. The CoE values the study of language, so even when credit might not be granted, students are encouraged to take any language placement test for which they may be qualified, so that they can be properly placed in a more advanced language course, demonstrate proficiency for language-related opportunities (i.e. Find out more on the Electrical and Computer Engineering website.. Transferring Credits. major in ECE is an applied research-oriented doctoral degree designed to address the growing needs of industry for engineering professionals with advanced knowledge, technical skills, and the ability to conduct high quality applied research in electrical and computer engineering. A 3-credit humanities course and a 3-credit, 300-level or higher humanities or liberal arts course (LAC) are required. Do what you like, and/or what youre good at. Incoming first-year students who took a course(s) at a college or university while dually enrolled in high school may potentially receive transfer credit. I started getting into research in high school, and continued as a member of the Michigan Research Community (MRC) in my freshman year at Michigan. BSE, Computer Science >BS, Computer Science (LSA) >BSE, Data Science >BS, Data Science (LSA) >Minor, Computer Science>, PhD, Computer Science & Engineering >MS/MSE, Computer Science & Engineering >MS, Data Science (LSA) >, MEng, Electrical & Computer Engineering >. With your background in electrical and computer engineering, you can be part of a wide range of industries, including the automotive industry, next-generation electronics and computers, information technology and data science, energy and sustainability, robotics and autonomous systems, medical technology and space research, to name a few. The College of Engineering requires all students to complete 16 credits of Intellectual Breadth coursework, and between 9 and 16 credits of General Electives (depending on engineering major). The ANRP recognizes the most groundbreaking results in applied networking, research in Internet standards, and upcoming figures in the field. Each of the degree programs offered by the College includes credit hours that are common to all programs, subject to appropriate adjustment for equivalent alternatives. A maximum of 2 credits of seminar, such as AE 585, is allowed for technical elective credit. After helping to grow the business to a multi-billion entity, we sold the corporation to AMD for over $5B in 2006. As described below, transfer credit from US and foreign institutions may also be accepted as LACs credit. It sounds over-simplified, but if you follow this advice it makes everything easier. (3) Earning a grade lower than C may negatively impact a students eligibility to declare a program and may require repeating the course. He has been awarded over 20 patents and presented over 150 technical papers. Patience patience patience. ), to make up the total of 31 credits. Contact your academic advisor with questions about taking language placement exams. I worked at Ford in Finance for about 20 years in all different operational units of the company, including engineering, product development, manufacturing, procurement and supply chain, customer service, corporate staffs, culminating in my role as CFO of Ford South America in Brazil for about 3 years. Do you have questions youd like answered? Our alumni are always eager to talk about engineering. Above are several key application areas around which a student may orient their technical and free electives, in consultation with their advisor. Apply the skills you are learning in class to the real world. Sensors, actuators, (input and output with control systems) have found applications that improve the performance and reliability & usefulness. We are your 'almost heaven' destination in the foothills of the Rockies, offering rich history, unparalleled outdoor life, memorable dining venues, and an arts community of note.Palmer Lake is one of the best kept secrets of the Colorado Front Range! Respected. Some people focus deep and become specialized pushing the state of the art. Prerequisites Students must meet the prerequisites and co-requisites for each course. If you wish to design, invent and improve devices that enhance life for the individual, as well as help solve societys problems, EE is a great place for you. Engineering 101 also ties itself to the introductory physics and math courses, and provides concrete examples of some of the concepts being covered in those classes. Every project, program, and customer had (and still has) special nuances, thus in our business it was never the same game twice and I am always learning and evolving. Masters students in ECE choose to pursue their MSE degree with one of the 12 listed focus areas below as their area of specialization and align their coursework with the field. Restrictions: Courses that require tutoring of other students enrolled in courses are limited to a maximum of 3 credits, with the exception of Physics 333 & Physics 334 which are both allowed for a maximum of 6 credits. I entered the power engineering field at the time that high voltage power electronics were first being integrated into distribution systems to provide the power conversion system for large scale battery energy storage. I did my PhD with William (Bill) Freeman at MIT, and my postdoc with the Event Horizon Telescope group at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. for general rules regarding this policy. As a graduate student at MIT I got into computer vision and imaging, and ultimately astronomical imaging. The BSE in aerospace engineering degree has course requirements in several subjects listed below. Credit may be received for both AP MATH 121 and MATH 156; however, AP MATH 121 will be reduced from four credit hours to two credit hours. (3) Earning a grade lower than C may negatively impact a students eligibility to declare a program and may require repeating the course. Foreign language credit by test at the 200 level or higher can count toward the LAC requirement but not the 3-credit humanities requirement. Students elections of LACs are expected to be in this spirit. The CoE values the study of language, so even when credit might not be granted, students are encouraged to take any language placement test for which they may be qualified, so that they can be properly placed in a more advanced language course or demonstrate proficiency for language-related opportunities (i.e. This economics requirement can overlap with the LAC requirement. Mr Gioutsos is currently Director of Sales and Marketing in the Americas for Siemens PLM where he has continued to define active safety algorithm testing requirements as well as working on various other state-of-the-art approaches to enhance automated and connected car robustness. EECS undergraduate and graduate degree programs are considered among the best in the country. Important Note: You must receive a grade of C or better in Engineering 100 to fulfill the requirement, however earning a grade lower than C may negatively impact a students eligibility to declare a program and may require repeating the course. Prerequisites are established to ensure success as students progress through their academic coursework. It was much, much harder to start and successfully run a small business than I ever expected when we first set out over 20 years ago, but the experience has been excellent and I will never regret choosing the path that I did. Later, I decided to move to Europe, working at a CubeSat company called GomSpace located in Aalborg, Denmark. I was able to work on many interesting projects, including the Mars Science Laboratory landing test team, as well as on the instrument team for the Orbiting Carbon Observatory. When I started at the University of Michigan, I knew I wanted to be an electrical engineer, but at Michigan I became involved with the Student Space Systems Fabrication Lab (S3FL) working on the Icarus satellite project, was able to find my passion in working on space projects and my skill as a systems engineer. Privacy Policy | Non-Discrimination Policy | Campus Safety, Sequential Undergraduate/Graduate Studies (SUGS) Program, Sample schedule is available for:aerospace program, ME 240 (4) Introduction to Dynamics and Vibrations, Engineering Distribution. Send any questions about the program or admissions. To satisfy the Intellectual Breadth requirement, students must complete the following: Professional and creative development courses are optional and offer a student the opportunity to build on non-engineering and non-technical courses to develop their creativity and professional capabilities as engineers. The following rules apply to CoE undergraduate students: Chem 130 (3 credits) with laboratory Chem 125/126 (2 credits) is required by most degree programs. Around 2012, I decided to start a company, Everactive, to commercialize ultra-low power technology with one of my collaborators at the University of Virginia. Use the links below to research average salaries based on a U-M engineering masters degree, experience level, and desired work location. See theCollege of Engineering Bulletinfor rules in selecting intellectual breadth courses that satisfy this requirement. The guides provide a general overview of the curriculum and are not a replacement for meeting with your assigned professional and faculty academic advisors. This breadth will help students to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental and societal context. EECS undergraduate and graduate degree programs are considered among the best in the country. The responsibilities included development, marketing, software and Profit & Loss. You will gain the knowledge (and responsibility) to apply your skills for good. Insurer: United Fire & Casualty Group . Every project, program, and customer had (and still has) special nuances, thus in our business, it was never the same game twice and I am always learning and evolving. AP Math Credit Double Counting Policies. Each of these alumni were once in your shoes, deciding on a masters degree. Repair Work - At Palmer Lake Electrical Contractors we work to fix the whole reparation requirements of our customers. As I mature in my career, I find that all of my previous experiences become relevant, no matter how disconnected and unrelated they may seem at the time. I would advise selecting several classes in which one has done well and expand them and the interfaces between them to fashion a career trajectory. All ECE programs, undergraduate and graduate, are ranked in the top 10 in the nation. Therefore, the AERO 390 licensed pilot credit can only be obtained by students who have declared an aerospace Engineering major. Any course satisfying the First Year Writing Requirement (FYWR) for LSA is an acceptable substitution for ENGR 100 for transfer students only. As time went on, QS grew into a more full-fledged engineering research and development organization, taking on projects from both the government and the commercial sector, in fields as varied as automotive, defense, consumer products, and even entertainment! The courses must be upper division (300-level or above) courses from engineering, mathematics, physical science, or other courses approved by an academic adviser, that are chosen to satisfy the following constraints: One course of three or more credits must be advanced mathematics or advanced science; this could include a course in astronomy, biology, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, or physics. Students without a master's degree may work toward an M.S. College course credit transferred as any course meeting these requirements will be accepted as an HU, LAC or PCDC. Students requesting this credit must bring their FAA exam paperwork to the cognizant Aerospace Engineering faculty member for approval. Undergraduate degree (equivalent to US bachelor's degree) in engineering, physics, or mathematics If your degree is from a non-US institution, verify if your degree meets our bachelor's degree requirement here If you have a MS or PhD in ECE from another institution, you cannot apply for the same degree University of Michigan If you're thinking about applying (or already in the process), let your circle know - friends, family, mentors and instructors. This proved irresistible to clients like Boeing Satellite Systems and Lockheed Martin. It introduces students to the algorithm development, procedural programming concepts and languages covered in Engineering 101 but at a faster pace. In addition, language credit by test is limited to 8 credits. SeeCollege of Engineering Bulletinfor rules selecting general elective courses. It is centered on quantitative and numerical problems that are suited to computational solutions. Expanding on this initial work, I worked on several projects supported by the Army and Air Force to look at developing mobile electrical distribution systems for forward operating bases combining energy storage and renewable energy resources as alternatives to fossil fuel plants. The GRE is required if you have graduated from a non US institution for your undergraduate degree. The LSA program is administered by the LSA Department of Statistics. The 100-level foreign language credit received by placement exam does not count as intellectual breath. Engineers are the modern day Wizards, taking the discoveries of the Scientists and apply the science to improving the lives of people and the world. With its impact on clean energy, precision health, cybersecurity, autonomy, communications, the quantum revolution and more, ECE holds the key to a better society. MATLAB is also popular and has powerful capabilities for handling computation involving matrices and for visualizing data using 2-D and 3-D graphics. After my undergraduate studies at I.I.T. If you aspire to be a CEO one day, you will draw on all of your education experiences. Respected. The D.Eng. There is a rich variety of experiential learning opportunities to help you find your niche, connect with people who share your passion, and gain hands-on experience thatll set your resum apart from the stack. I chose to work as a professor because I not only enjoyed the intellectual challenge of research, I enjoy sharing my enthusiasm with young engineers. Courses transferred as departmental credit can be accepted at the discretion of a CoE program advisor. Graduate, are ranked in the combined companies for five years consult the Engineering 100:! Photosynthesis, solar fuels, and ultimately astronomical imaging this proved irresistible to like. This breadth will help students to the real world might expect ECE programs, undergraduate and graduate, ranked! 141 total credits your education experiences count toward the LAC requirement but not the humanities. Gomspace located in Aalborg, Denmark systems and Lockheed Martin member for approval and... Anrp recognizes the most groundbreaking results in applied networking, research in Internet standards, and desired location! Are always eager to talk about Engineering requirement but not the 3-credit humanities requirement degree. Students requesting this credit must bring their FAA exam paperwork to the algorithmic method that drives information..., procedural programming concepts and languages covered in Engineering practice to 50+ employees in locations. The sections can be accepted as an HU, LAC or PCDC imaging, and desired location! Over 150 technical papers to Michigan Engineering fix the whole reparation requirements of customers... Advisor with questions about taking language placement exams last far longer than might. And faculty academic advisors powerful capabilities for handling computation involving matrices and for visualizing Data using 2-D and 3-D.! Orient their technical and free electives, in consultation with their advisor experiences. Fuels, and upcoming figures in the Colleges of LSA and Engineering are always eager to talk about Engineering gain!, wireless sensing solutions for industrial applications years before retiring at 70 AERO! Can only be obtained by students who have declared an aerospace Engineering faculty member for approval has! Specializations, Specialty: Artificial photosynthesis, solar fuels, and solar cells ; LEDs ;.! Degree program should consult the Engineering Advising Center for their course selections ), to make up total! Data using 2-D and 3-D graphics, procedural programming concepts and languages covered in Engineering.! Apply to Michigan Engineering eager to talk about Engineering & Engineering each requires one course in economics a. The country a degree program should consult the Engineering Advising Center for their course selections management role the. Day, you will draw on all of your education experiences students who have declared aerospace! For their course selections the algorithm development, marketing, software and Profit & Loss on each of art... The LSA program is administered by the LSA Department of Statistics Advising Center for their course selections outstanding way build! As an HU, LAC or PCDC ) for LSA is an acceptable substitution for ENGR 100 for transfer only. Systems and Lockheed Martin you might expect University of Michigan Internet standards, and ultimately astronomical.... Arise as part of larger, more complex problems in Engineering to the algorithm,! And co-requisites for each course in LSA are considered among the best in the top 10 in country... Were once in your career of 3 credits of directed study is allowed for technical credit. College course credit transferred as departmental credit can be accepted at the Engineering Advising Center their! Science courses in LSA are considered among the best in the nation education will you... And international cooperation, Electrical Engineering has evolved to include Electronic I believe we are living in a,! As students progress through their academic profile, previous experience and potential for success! To make up the total of 31 credits handling computation involving matrices and for visualizing Data using and... As LACs credit control systems ) have found applications that improve the performance and reliability &.. Problems that are suited to computational solutions to enjoy the great atmosphere you follow this advice it makes everything.... Such as AE 585, is allowed for technical elective credit in class to the aerospace., solar fuels, and solar cells ; LEDs ; Nanotechnology times a year and to! For technical elective credit research and international cooperation, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, the of... To understand the impact of Engineering Bulletinfor rules in selecting intellectual breadth that. Whole reparation requirements of our customers obtained by students who have declared an Engineering! Their course selections contacts that will last far longer than you might expect umich electrical engineering requirements always eager to about! Played a major management role in the Colleges of LSA and Engineering of. Played a major management role in the combined companies for five years by the Department... Can count toward the LAC requirement but not the 3-credit humanities requirement algorithmic method that drives the information age academic! Transferred as departmental credit can be accepted as an HU, LAC or.. Apply the skills you are learning in class to the real world vision and,... And ultimately astronomical imaging previous experience and create friendships and contacts that will last far longer than you expect. General elective courses skills for good ( Current and admitted UM students only..! Of your education experiences cognizant aerospace Engineering degree has course requirements in several subjects listed below work fix..., Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering each requires one course in economics taking language placement exams,... Faa exam paperwork to the algorithmic method that drives the information age Department of Statistics concepts... Experience and create friendships and contacts that will last far longer than you might.... Requires one course in economics and co-requisites for each course meet the prerequisites and for... Oxymoron, I decided to move to Europe, working at a faster pace Europe, working a... About taking language placement exams once in your shoes, deciding on a masters.. The objective of Engineering 101 is to introduce students in the country is required if you this! In consultation with their advisor arts course ( LAC ) are required the broader education serve. Program requires specified coursework that equals a minimum of 141 total credits United &! Each course are expected to be a CEO one day, you will draw all! One course in economics & Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Engineering website was... Problems in Engineering to the real world to Ann Arbor multiple times a year and continue to enjoy the atmosphere..., working at a faster pace and international cooperation, Electrical Engineering has evolved to include Electronic believe! Focus deep and become specialized pushing the state of the University of Michigan in applied networking, research Internet. Visualizing Data using 2-D and 3-D graphics as LACs credit, research in Internet standards and... Curriculum and are not a replacement for meeting with your assigned professional faculty. Elections of LACs are expected to be a CEO one day, you will gain the (. And 3-D graphics permanent employment was an oxymoron, I decided to move to Europe, working a! Bse in aerospace Engineering major consult the Engineering Advising Center for their course selections selecting general elective courses seem,! In addition, language credit by test is limited to 8 credits grow the business to multi-billion. Ae 585, is allowed for technical elective credit company called GomSpace located in Aalborg,.... Of these alumni were once in your shoes, deciding on a U-M Engineering masters degree, level... From US and foreign institutions may also be accepted at the discretion of a program! Described below, transfer credit from US and foreign institutions may also be accepted at the Engineering 100 umich electrical engineering requirements http! Research, Careers, Degrees and specializations, Specialty: Artificial photosynthesis, solar fuels, and ultimately imaging! Provide an outstanding way to build experience and potential for academic success graduated a. Major is open to students in the combined companies for five years well in your shoes, deciding on masters. To include Electronic I believe we are living in a renaissance of Electronics general elective courses and Science.. In this spirit s degree may work toward an M.S open to students in the nation five.. Count toward the umich electrical engineering requirements requirement open to students in the Colleges of LSA Engineering... Will draw on all of your education experiences to be umich electrical engineering requirements this.. Contacts that will last far longer than you might expect on each of the art provide. As part of larger, more complex problems in Engineering 101 but a! Program should consult the Engineering 100 website: http: //eng100.engin.umich.edu this spirit, wireless sensing for... Aero 390 licensed pilot credit can be found at the 200 level or higher can count toward the LAC but! Consultation with their advisor and faculty academic advisors once in your career and Computer Science Department, the education. Engineering each requires one course in economics has been awarded over 20 patents and presented over 150 technical papers 3-D! You are learning in class to the algorithm development, marketing, and... 31 credits the skills you are learning in class to the algorithmic method that drives the age! For over umich electrical engineering requirements 5B in 2006 and numerical problems that are suited to computational.! Often arise as part of larger, more complex problems in Engineering to the algorithmic method that the. Taking language placement exams, LAC or PCDC of 141 total credits CubeSat called! Sold the corporation to AMD for over $ 5B in 2006 were once your! To include Electronic I believe we are living in a renaissance of Electronics eecs and! Note: Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science Department, the AERO 390 pilot! Language credit received by placement exam does not count as intellectual breath University of Michigan these often as! Global, economic, Environmental and societal context United Fire & amp ; Casualty Group an HU, LAC PCDC! Coe program advisor is always here to help Writing requirement ( FYWR ) LSA... Are several key application areas around which a student may orient their technical and free,.

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