dextran hydrodynamic radius

2008;28(5):64557. 151-166. For a sphere and a random coil 0 the values are 9.23x1023 mol-1 and 2.60x 1023mol-1, respectively. The great deviation at 2000kDa occurs due to the large hyperbranched structure of the macromolecule, generating a change in its conformation and, therefore, a change in the way it flows [73]. The most widely applied coatings for FDA-approved SPIONs are dextran and carboxydextran. Colloid Polym. Whiteside PJD, Chininis JA, Schellenberg MW, Qian C, Hunt HK. Use of the single point method is correct because it is based in the Huggins method (HM); owing the HM requiring many viscosity and density measurements (at least four) for each Mw, but Solomon Ciuta method with a single measure is sufficient. Typically, the hydrodynamic diameter of the micelles is about 100 nm and the critical micelle concentration is about 10 mg/L. In addition, the permeation rate was higher in pig skin than in human skin. This universalization of the parameters leads to a higher error ratio in the calculation of the respective molecular weights. (1954). Singh TRR, Garland MJ, Cassidy CM, Migalska K, Demir YK, Ryan SAE, Woolfson D, Donnelly RF. Pathan IB, Setty CM. WebDextran 40 Pharmaceutical Quality. Critical parameters for gel permeation Ionic Polymers Based on Dextran: Hydrodynamic Properties in Aqueous Solution and Solvent Mixtures. We offer more than 50 fluorescent and biotinylated dextran conjugates in several molecular weight ranges. On the molecular weight distribution of dextran T-500. Carbohydrate Polymers, 78, 902-907. (1937). ; Dutt, N.V.K. J. Phys. Human cadaver skin has been confirmed as alive skin tissue through analysis of its morphology and enzymes, and its usefulness as an alternative skin membrane in drug permeation experiments has been verified [20]. @ Nilimesh See attached. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 23, 135-141. 2012;87(6):1728. WebFluorescent and biotinylated dextrans are routinely employed to trace neuronal projections. The Transdermal diffusion cell system was protected from light. Dextran molecular size and degree of branching as a function of sucrose concentration, pH, and temperature of reaction of. Chen Rong Huei; Min Lang Tsai (1998). Saudi Pharm J. Format), Citation-(BibTeX 2005;304(1):27486. Human cadaver skins (fresh human full-thickness skin disc, 12~20mm) were supplied by Biopredic International (Saint-Grgoire, France). The effectiveness of the RF microporation technique in transdermal drug delivery of macromolecules and hydrophilic agents such as peptides, hormones, and vaccines has been demonstrated extensively in previous studies [16,17,18]. ; Bataille, B. Article European Biophysical Journal, 36, 85-94. The regeneration of micropores in the human cadaver skin caused by microporation was confirmed using an optical microscope and haematoxylin/eosin (H&E) staining. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. A long-chain polymer molecule in solution takes on a somewhat kinked or curled shape, intermediate between a tightly curled mass (coil) and a rigid linear configuration. (2007). Transdermal drug delivery system for non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs: a review. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the ; Prasad, D.H.L. Chemical penetration enhancers for transdermal drug delivery systems. Synthesis and characterization of blue dextrans. The 70-kDa FITC dextran reached the jejunum after 15 min and passed the entire small intestine within 1 h after its administration, demonstrating that 4-kDa FITC dextran measured in plasma 1 h after its oral application is a marker of small intestinal permeability. This conjecture found to be correct. 2.It can be found from the figure that at the start-up stage of the shaft, the hydrodynamic effect (HE) is weak, so the HP is not enough to support the shaft, which Measurements were made with a Ubbelohde C type suspended level viscometer [57] (IVA, Argentina); with a diameter capillary of 0.81mm and water draining time of 35.89s at 20C, with viscometer constant of 0.027883 mm2/s [58]. Format), Citation-(EndNote Figure5 shows the cumulative amount of the FITC-dextran (M.W. The solution was measured using an Anton Paar DMA35N densitometer. Chapter 2.1.4 Suspended level viscometers for transparent liquid, Ubbelohde Viscometer page 28-31. In addition, microporated pig skin permeated larger amounts of FITC-dextran than human skin, this can be attributed to the differences in structure between the human and pig skin; the pig skin layer is thinner (SC, 813m) than the human skin (SC, 1017m) and the pig hair follicle is longer (3871m) than the human hair follicle (18m). 2015;32(5):170413. These modifications include degradation of hemidesmosomes attached to the dermis, degradation of desmosomes linked to adjacent cells, contraction of intracellular tonofilament, and lamellipodia formation. Keratinocytes adjacent to the wound site induced by the microporation in the epidermis undergo a series of modifications that allow their proliferation and migration to the wound. Dextran Triple Detector Application Note 1, Viscotek GmbH, USA. Karmarkar, S.; Garber, R.: Kluza, J.; Koberda, M. (2006). Lee WR, Shen SC, Sun CK, Aljuffali IA, Suen SY, Lin YK, Wang JJ, Fang JY. Cecopieri-Gmez, Martha L.; Palacios-Alquisira, Joaqun (2005). However, in vitro investigations are very few. (2007). Elias, Hans-Georg (1975). The characteristic Rg/Rh value for a globular protein is ~0.775, which means that Rg is smaller than Rh. Polysaccharides-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Ioan, C.E. The value of kM-H in this work decreases with increasing temperature in contrast to published by reference [34] where kM-H increases. Conducting a comparative analysis of the data shown in Table 1 can observer that parameter data Mark-Houwink a, obtained by these authors are very similar to that obtained in this work, which affirms its validity. Gold MH, Biron JA. Jeanes, A.; Haynes, W.C.; C. Wilham, A.; Rankin, J.C; Melvin, E.H.; Austin, M. J.; Cluskey, J. E.; Fisher, B.E. The micropores of the human cadaver skin were regenerated according to the time. 20K groups (n=3, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01). 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. All possible degrees of curling can be displayed by any molecule, but there will be an average configuration which will depend on the solvent. J. Braz. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). (2008). Bahary, W. S.; Hogan, M. P.; Jilani, M.; Aronson, M. P. (1995). We believe that the microporation device can be used as a potential technique for effective transdermal drug delivery. These results indicate that healing and regeneration occurred in the human cadaver skin after the microporation. The value of Mv is different from Mn, Mw, and Mz in a polydisperse polymer sample [38, 60, 61, 62]. Macromolecules. Increased epidermal laser fluence through simultaneous ultrasonic microporation. Treatment of acne scars by fractional bipolar radiofrequency energy. 2019;9(3-S):9726. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 4, 10, and 20K) was measured using the Transdermal diffusion cell system. The measurements of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were taken using the Tewameter (Courage-Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) to evaluate the skin barrier function after microporation. However, the results did not show significant regeneration of micropore compared to previous in vivo studies which reported significant regeneration [25]. Int J Pharm Investig. Microporation was performed 2 times on each sample. Similar results are obtained in references [35, 36, 37], using a system of dextran / ethylene glycol, and dextran/dimethylsulfoxide, respectively. Pig skins (Micropig Franz cell membrane) were supplied by Medi Kinetics Co., Ltd. (Pyeongtaek, Korea). Rheology of dextran solutions. 2009;301(8):60913. However, considering the trauma and unethical practices associated with animal experiments, in vitro studies with human cadaver skin offers an ethical and viable alternative. After microporation, the TEWL values of the human cadaver skin increased from 11.30.6 to 33.01.0, 10.71.5 to 45.31.5, and 10.70.6 to 61.02.0g/m2/h when the microporation was performed 2, 5, and 10 times, respectively. The value of P increases from 1.0272 to 1.2694 (spherical shape with tendency to spheroid for high Mw). A simple way of universalizing the measurements is shown in figure 4 where there is a curve at each temperature for every molecular weight. Analytes and stationary phase with Universal Calibration Relative Measurement Concentration and MW detector: RI + Viscometer Relationship between hydrodynamic volume (MW*intrinsic viscosity) and elution volume Multiple detection The temperature increment can induce a macromolecule compaction (decreases in RH and []), generating by this way, a greater difficult to flowing due at requires an increase of energy consumption (Eavf<). Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 38, 2591-2598. It is worth noting that the size of macromolecules is much bigger than that of solvent (water) molecules [50]. This study was supported by the LG Electronics. After 8h, the micropore became more distorted from the previous circle, suggesting that the micropores were closing. 2012;3(1):208. Characterization and Classification of Dextrans from Ninety-six Strains of Bacteria. Typical examples are the classical size-independent combinations like the Flory parameter, which that combine the intrinsic viscosity, [], and the gyration radius, Rg: These quantities have been proposed along the years, by different eminent scientists, after whom they are named. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Webprotein hydrodynamic radius was observed with increasing protein concentration (in the range 0.25-2 mM) in both the absence and presence of 8 M urea. where c is the solute concentration (g/cm3), [] is the intrinsic viscosity (cm3/g), and kH represents Huggins constants (cm3/g). WebThomas Gutberlet works at Jlich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-2), Forsch and is well known for Lipoteichoic Acid, Neutron Reflectometry and Neutron Reflectivity. Gel permeation chromatography of dextrans in parenteral solutions: Calibration procedure development and method validation. The a value is higher than calculated in this work, because these calculations were performed with number average molecular weight (Mn) which rearranges the value of a and forces him to enter into unbranched or linear molecules (a > 0.5), on the other hand, if molecular weights (Mw) ware used to value would be less than 0.5. After 24h, the cumulative permeation of FITC-dextran M.W. For 40 kDa molecules, the hydrodynamic diameter dh ~8 nm is much smaller than the collagen mesh size [ 33, 41 ]. Drug Discov Today Technol. 2022 Feb 22;16(2):1999-2012. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07010. 1905/05) for their financial support. The importance of this type of study lies in the analysis of the polysaccharide behavior at industrial processes, the requirements to reduce energy, avoid flow problems and product quality control. Kloster, C.; Bica C.; Rochas C.; Samios, D.; Geissler, E. (2000). Armstrong, J. K.; Wenby, R. B.; Meiselman, H. J.; Fisher, T. C. (2004). A single frequency laser is directed to the sample contained in a cuvette. In the range of working temperatures and molecular weights of dextrans, similar intrinsic viscosity results obtained by other researchers and published here are slight, as shown in tables 1 and 3. The study of biopolymers as dextran in aqueous solution, is effectively determined by intrinsic viscosity [] measurements at different temperatures. Progress in Biophysical Molecules Biological, 68, 207-262. The M-H equation is empirical and valid for monodisperse polymers, and it is applied to biomacromolecules (complex, hyperbranched, crosslink), taking the precaution of comparing the value of Mv with the polydispersity index (qM-H). WebHydrodyamic Radius, R H: In addition to the analytic size of a linear (C=1) chain, the end to end distance, R eted or R 0, and the structural size, the radius or gyration, R g, dynamic measurements yield a size called the hydrodynamic radius, R H. Consider a rod particle of length L=10R where R is the radius. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 60, 1650-1662. ACS Nano. Immediately after formation, the microchannels are filled with interstitial fluid, making them hydrophilic, and a suitable drug delivery system [15]. In vivo iontophoretic delivery of salmon calcitonin across microporated skin. Hi Alan F Rawle sir, Can you help me in calculating the size of dextran 6 (molecular weight= 6000) and dextran 70 (molecular weight 70000) Leiva, Angel; Muoz, Natalia; Urza, Marcela; Gargallo, Ligia; Radic, Deodato (2010). Ghimici, Luminita; Nichifor, Marieta; Wolf, Bernhard (2009). Quantitative data are presented as the meanstandard deviation, and comparisons were carried out using one-way ANOVA (Systat Software Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Naik A, Kalia YN, Guy RH. Search 2003;10:33847. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Sung-Wook Choi. Cytotoxicity studies on human cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line showed non-toxic and biocompatible nature of dextran. Determination of polymer structure by Gel Permeation Chromatography. Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), a common phenomenon that can produce local excessive temperature, high pressure and large amount of energy. Various average molecular weights (Mv, Mn, Mw, and Mz) instead of Mv were substituted in M-H equation. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that the polysaccharide comprised only glucose units. Microporation was performed 2, 5, and 10 times on each sample. Pamis, R.; Hernndez Cifre, J. G.; Lpez Martnez, M.C. 2012;29(7):201729. Working with the molecular weights given by the manufacturer and compare them with the molecular weights, calculated from the Mark-Houwink parameters in this work; can be seen that the %RE obtained, see Table 6. Molecular Weight Distributions of Water-Soluble Polymers by Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. If plotted for all molecular weights, the double logarithm of [] and Mw, the value of a obtained in all cases shows a value smaller than 0.5, which reports that dextran macromolecule has a degree of hyperbranched with increasing molecular weight and increases much for higher Mw (< 200kDa) which making the application of M-H method more difficult. Porcine wound models for skin substitution and burn treatment. 2018 Aug 9;23(8):1984. doi: 10.3390/molecules23081984. Advances in chemistry series Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., pp. 2008;26(11):12618. In this sense, the largest deviations were obtained for the highest molecular weight (580-2000kDa with values from 0.8467 to 0.7346). DOI: 10.12691/jpbpc-1-1-3, Received September 18, 2013; Revised October 23, 2013; Accepted November 22, 2013. osmotic pressure or light scattering). Proc of SPIE. California Privacy Statement, The calculation of Mark-Houwink parameters is carried out by the graphic representation of the following equation: where kMH (cm3/g) and a are Mark-Houwink constants, depending on the type of polymer, solvent, and temperature of intrinsic viscosity determinations [46]. In order to understand the behavior of this biopolymer in water and to support changes at the M-H parameters with temperature, the hydrodynamic parameters are analyzed (hydrodynamic radius, (RH); Simha number, ((a/b)); Perrin parameter (P); Flory parameter (0); and stiffness chain (dln[]/dT)). Hydrodynamic properties, such as the intrinsic viscosity, [], and equilibrium solution properties such as the hydrodynamic radius RH can be combined to construct dimensionless quantities that are universal since they are of being independent of the macromolecular particle size, while they depend more or less sensitively on its shape [51]. (2008). In general, Mv is not experimentally accessible, whereas other average molecular weights are accessible. Microporation applications for enhancing drug delivery. The genus Weissella: taxonomy, ecology and biotechnological potential. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Huggins equation [41] gives the relation to the relative viscosity increase (i). The dextran used is from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F which is essentially a linear -(1-6)-linked glucose chain with however a low percentage (2-5%) of -(1-3) branches distributed along the chain4. J Cosmet Laser Ther. Levin G, Gershonowitz A, Sacks H, Stern M, Sherman A, Rudaev S, Zivin I, Phillip M. Transdermal delivery of human growth hormone through RF-microchannels. ; Tsuchiya, H.M.; Rist, C.E. par | Juil 2, 2022 | mitchell wesley carlson charged | justin strauss net worth | Juil 2, 2022 | mitchell wesley carlson charged | justin strauss net worth ; Rani, K.Y. The equation 4 can be rearranged and resulted in a modified M-H equation as follows: where the value qM-H is the polydispersity correction factor, and it is a statistical function of the molecular weight distribution. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. 1994, 95-0355. European Polymer Journal, 37, 619-622. Privacy (1998). Mark-Houwink-Kuhn-Sakurada Exponent at the Condition. Int. Universal size-independent quantities for the conformational characterization of rigid and flexible macromolecules. However, when molecules deviate from globular to non-spherical or elongated structures then Rg/Rh tend to values upwards of Web54 we estimated that the hydrodynamic radii of 3-5 kDa dextran, 20 kDa dextran, and 70 kDa dextran are 2 55 nm, 5 nm, and 6 nm, respectively. Pore closure examination was performed using an optical microscope (BX43, Olympus, Japan) immediately (time 0), 4, 8, and 24h following device application. Biomacromolecules 8, 2464-2475. WebTry out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Copyright 2006-2023 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved, Dextran, Tetramethylrhodamine, 2,000,000 MW, Lysine Fixable, Sulen und Kartuschen fr die Chromatographie, Kunststoffartikel und Zubehr fr das Labor, Spektroskopie, Element- und Isotopenanalyse, Alle Themen fr Hilfe und Support anzeigen, Status und Nachverfolgung von Bestellungen, Reagenzien und Kits fr die Neurowissenschaft, Discover how to track and trace cells by imaging , Hier finden Sie unsere brigen Tracking-Produkte fr Sugetier-Zellkulturen, Molecular Probes Dextran-Konjugate Tabelle14.4. Dulbeccos Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS) was purchased from Welgene (Gyeongsan, Korea). 24h after microporation, the pore sizes reduced from 64.8817.20m (0h) to 48.854.27m (24h), and the pore depths reduced from 83.9120.56m (0h) to 63.9527.61m (24h). Webof overall macromolecular geometry and hydrodynamic draining. ; Fran, H.P. Front Microbiol. Unperturbed dimensions and the theta temperature of dextran in ethylene glycol solutions. The parameters of Mark-Houwink for polymers can vary with the polymer solution and temperature. Viscosity of aqueous solutions of polysaccharides and hydrophobically modified polysaccharides: Application of Fedors equation. Webwhittier union high school district superintendent. Lucifer yellow (LY) and FITC-labelled dextran stock solutions were prepared in Ringers-HEPES buffer (150 mM NaCl, 3.4 mM CaCl 2, 1.2 mM MgCl 2, 5.2 mM KCl, 0.5 mM NaHCO 3, 2.8 mM glucose, and 10 mM HEPES) and frozen at 20C. It has been found that, when applied to water treatment, it can effectively act on refractory organic matter in wastewater through thermal decomposition and water molecular action to produce free For a limited temperature range, the viscosity of a polymer solution varies generally following a relation similar to that of usual liquids (rrhenius plot), where the polymer concentration is not very high and that temperature remains far enough from glass transition [38], and for system PEAorganic solvents see reference [63]. Differences were considered statistically significant at p <0.05. With FITC-dextran 20K, cumulative permeation in the human skin was 2.530.48M, and 3.340.19M in the pig skin, which significantly lower than FITC-dextran 4K. Cumulative amount of FITC-dextran permeated after microporation on the human and pig skin for FITC-dextran M.W.. a M.W. Hennink, W.E. The increased TEWL values which were proportional to the number of microspores indicate SC disruption and formation of microchannels in the skin. The values of Mark-Houwink parameters universalized for the range of working temperatures are the following: 0.4267 for a*, and 0.1455 cm3/g for k*M-H, with 2 of 0.9399. II. The explanation for the anomalous values of a and kM-H is because the mixture solute-solvent is highly compatible due a great compaction of biopolymer, from undisturbed state in the absence of interactions, where free energy of mixing less than zero, and emphasize the nature non-linear or hyperbranched of dextran for Mw high to 200kDa. Pharmaceutical Quality Dextran 40 is available from Pharmacosmos as active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) as excipient for final formulation, drug product, for medical devices, for production of solutions for injection and infusion and much more. The slope is a value and intercept is equal to the ln kMH value [47]. Conversely, fluorescein sodium was the compound selected to model hydrophilic, low MW drugs. 2013;3(5):3588605. Dynamic light scattering study confirmed the mono-disperse nature of dextran with hydrodynamic radius of 900 nm. A novel high dextran yielding Weissella cibaria JAG8 for cereal food application. Weissella: An Emerging Bacterium with Promising Health Benefits. Rissmann R, Oudshoorn MHM, Hennink WE, Ponec M, Bouwstra JA. Dear Sir. Alan F Rawle , Can you help me in calculating the size of dextran 4 (molecular weight= 4000) and dextran 10 (molecular weight 10,000)? Th The Mark-Houwink parameters and the effect of temperature on them are specifically studied. Changes in the Mark-Houwink hydrodynamic volume of chitosan molecules in solutions of different organic acids, at different temperatures and ionic strengths. Sci. High Manufacturing Standards of Molecular Probes Dextrans. Journal Argentine Chemical Society 100 (2013) 25-34. GYA primarily conducted research. Human skins (Full-thickness human skin) were supplied by HansBiomed. Intrinsic viscosity molecular weight relationship. WebThe micelles produced at pH 4.6 have a spherical shape and their size is dependent on the Maillard reaction: reaction time, molar ratio of casein to dextran, and molecular weight of dextran used. Salunkhe SS, Bhatia NM, Pokharkar VB, Thorat JD, Bhatia MS. Topical delivery of idebenone using nanostructured lipid carriers: evaluations of sun-protection and anti-oxidant effects. The (a/b) value is 2.5 which confirms that dextran in aqueous solution is a biopolymer with a spherical conformation for an Mw range from 8.8 to 200kDa, and with tendency to compaction with increasing temperature (RH decreases). Advances in Carbohydrate Analysis, 1, 63-144. 4K was 10.611.68 and 13.440.18M in human and pig skin, respectively. 4K and M.W. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41, 1260-1267. These hydrodynamic parameters show that these polysaccharides behave as a compact rigid sphere and contract by the increase of temperature (RH decreases) for the Mw range from 8.8 to 200kDa. 10% neutral buffered formalin was purchased from Hisko (Gunpo, Korea). There is a deviation from linearity after 580kDa [69, 70]. At the same temperature, the hydrodynamic radius and the intrinsic viscosity are higher for different molecular weights, while these properties decrease with an increase of temperature at the same molecular weight (Figure 1). 8600 Rockville Pike Seven dextrans, provided by Sigma, with molecular weight of 8.8, 40, 71.9, 110, 200, 580 and 2000 kDa. The fast increasing of these polyglucosans for medical, industrial and research purposes motivated a survey of the types obtainable. Masuelli, M. A. Enhanced topical delivery of small hydrophilic or lipophilic active agents and epidermal growth factor by fractional radiofrequency microporation. WebDiffusivity of 2000 kDa Dextran was significantly lower for both hydrogel formulations, but was insensitive to collagen concentration, likely due to a larger hydrodynamic diameter (d h ~ 70 nm) on order of the collagen mesh size. Colloid and Polymer Science, 286, 1223-1231. The microporation device based on radiofrequency can be used to enhance delivery efficiency by removing the epidermis layer. Smith, David R.; Raymonda, John W. (1972). The qM-H values given by equation 13, these vary from 0.9993 to 0.9841 for the range between 8.8 to 200kDa in a temperature range of 20 to 40C. WebThe invention relates to novel fluorescent dyes with multiple negatively charged groups in their ionized form which are 9-aminoacridines or 1-aminopyrene shaving of one of the fol Guner, A.; Kibarer, G. (2001). The value of qM-H varies from one sample to another one, because it is a function of a and the average molecular weights (Mv, Mw). Antoniou, E.; Buitrago, C. F.; Tsianou, M.; Alexandridis, P. (2010). The Intrinsic Viscosity of Biological Macromolecules. Nordmeier, Eckliard (1993). Google Scholar. Viet, D.; Beck-Candanedo, S.; Gray D. G. (2008). WebDiffusivity of 2000 kDa Dextran was significantly lower for both hydrogel formulations, but was insensitive to collagen concentration, likely due to a larger hydrodynamic diameter ( dh ~ 70 nm) on order of the collagen mesh size. Chem. Therefore, it is suitable as model molecules with different molecular weights for transdermal drug delivery [29]. Keywords: FITC-dextran solution (600L) was added to the donor chamber. Progress in Polymer Science, 30, 38-70. An official website of the United States government. government site. The important role of thermodynamic interaction parameter in the determination of theta temperature, dextran/water system. 2011;5(2):95132. Arch Dermatol Res. Figure 2 shows the classical method for calculating Mark-Houwink parameters, where a linear relation between the intrinsic viscosity and the molecular weight is established for each temperature. Journal of Colloid Science, 31, 308-328. Just in case anyone wants to use a different molecular weight to estimate the hydrodynamic size: the calculator is integrated into the classic Zeta WebLabeled dextrans are hydrophilic polysaccharides most commonly used in microscopy studies to monitor cell division, track the movement of live cells, and to report the

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