During maintenance, software systems undergo continuous correction and enhancement activities due to emerging faults, changing environments, and evolving requirements, making this phase expensive and time-consuming, often exceeding the initial development costs. Comparative Analysis of Object-Oriented Software Maintainability Prediction Models. Despite this, the Index variants without comment parts still tend to be more similar to each other than those without comment parts and vice versa. And since book4 and book5 all point to the same object instance, book1, so book 4 === book5 is true. We have stored the hash code value in the variable a and b, respectively. A generic methodology for early identification of non-maintainable source code components through analysis of software releases. Pratap, A.; Chaudhary, R.; Yadav, K. Estimation of software maintainability using fuzzy logic technique. 568573. Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive Although different variants presented different values when subjected to the same software, their values were strongly positively correlated and generally indicated similarly how maintainability evolved between releases and over the long term. Java | Collectors maxBy(Comparator comparator) with Examples, Java | Collectors minBy(Comparator comparator) with Examples, Stream sorted (Comparator comparator) method in Java, TreeSet comparator() Method in Java with Examples, TreeMap comparator() method in Java with Examples, SortedMap comparator() method in Java with Examples, ConcurrentSkipListSet comparator() method in Java with Examples, Comparator nullsFirst() method in Java with examples, Comparator comparingInt() in Java with examples. and Name. This logic will be generated by the IDE's such as Eclipse or IntelliJ Idea tools. = minimum, Max. Example 1: The above implementation along with usage of hashCode(): How to Compare Two TreeMap Objects in Java? Misra, S.C. const obj1 = . Virtual Machinery. 367377. The problem is that failing the first assert would cause an exception to be thrown leaving us with no idea if the second would have passed or failed. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroka Cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICELTICs), Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 1920 September 2018; pp. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Available online: Stack Overflow. = standard deviation. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2324 May 2022; Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2022; pp. All Java classes implements the Object class by default. Lodash's isEqual() function is the most sophisticated way to compare two objects. Projects varying in maturity, popularity, domain, and size were included to ensure a diverse sample. [, Coleman, D. Assessing maintainability. The object-oriented paradigm is one of the dominant programming paradigms for modeling and developing software. Next, focusing on identifying any significant differences between the variants, the pairwise differences between Index variants were assessed. To address these threats, our research relied on a version of 45 different software systems and all versions of 3 software systems, a sample generally larger than that in related work. ; Pant, B.; Tiwari, U.K. Wilson, A.; Wedyan, F.; Omari, S. An Empirical Evaluation and Comparison of the Impact of MVVM and MVC GUI Driven Application Architectures on Maintainability and Testability. Copyright 2011-2021 www.javatpoint.com. using the operators <, <=, ==, =>, >. De Stefano, M.; Iannone, E.; Pecorelli, F.; Tamburri, D.A. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. MDPI and/or This solution requires rewriting the whole sorting code for different criteria like Roll No. But, if the Class has so many properties, the code will be . Such compare is validated automatically as soon as we write or paste our JSON objects on both sides. 187192. Kerby, D.S. I will explain both methods using Strings and a self-written "Student" class as examples. Although concerns regarding the appropriateness of the Index for object-oriented languages have been expressed because the measure was initially proposed for systems developed in procedural programming languages [, As discussed above, several variants of the Index exist and are often used interchangeably. Software code maintainability: A literature review. To learn how to compare strings in Java, you can use the methods provided by the following classes. Therefore, it is essential to understand how maintainable a software system is as it is being developed. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. [, Chowdhury, S.A.; Uddin, G.; Holmes, R. An Empirical Study on Maintainable Method Size in Java. Now, our need is to compare two objects that are the same or not. Using compareTo () method Using compareToIgnoreCase () method Using compare () method Method 1: using == operator Double equals operator is used to compare two or more than two objects, If they are referring to the same object then return true, otherwise return false. Let us add the customized logic for object comparisons. This is also the case with the aforementioned studies, as the choice of the variant used for the maintainability measurement of object-oriented software varies across them. As shown in the image above, the diff mode offers different methods of comparing two JSON objects. Performance of maintainability index prediction models: A feature selection based study. Since the default behavior ofEqualsis to compare references (in case of classes) the result is a fail. A total of 45 object-oriented software systems were randomly selected for the study. The idea is that every unit test should have only one reason to fail. The equals () method performs a full (deep) comparison. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Issues and Challenges in Intelligent Computing Techniques (ICICT), Ghaziabad, India, 78 February 2014; pp. Below is the implementation: Java import java.util. Ignoring which Index variant is used to assess maintainability could lead to misleading perceptions. You compare Java primitives (int, long, double, etc.) An experiment was conducted on data collected from the source code of 45 open-source software systems based on the Java programming language. Inferential statistics were employed to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in the maintainability measurements of the two Index variants. We rarely compare the object references in real projects. Object-oriented programming paradigm for damage tolerant evaluation of engineering structural components. In java, being object-oriented, it is always dynamically created and automatically destroyed by the garbage collector as the scope of the object is over. There are several Index variants that differ in the factors affecting maintainability (e.g., code complexity, software size, documentation) and their given importance. Learn Java practically and Get Certified. In the below program, Created two Employee objects with different values. Now all I needed to do is to compare thefakeExpectedwith the actual result from the test. Maintainability as a software characteristic is of paramount importance in software development because it substantially affects the long-term expenses associated with a software system. ; Springer: Singapore, 2017; pp. Keep reading to see how hard it is and how you can take advantage of it to improve your coding skills. Each of the presented variants represents a slightly different approach to measuring maintainability by capturing different software-related characteristics. Avg. A Tale of Two Development Approach: Empirical Study on The Maintainability and Modularity of Android Mobile Application with Anti-Pattern and Model-View-Presenter Design Pattern. [, Revilla, M.A. Using two asserts would work, at least for a time. equals() and hashCode() method. It can be observed that, in the case when comparing the maintainability between releases of the same software system, i.e., when changes in the source code are small, the Index variants tend to be more prone to non-consistency in the maintainability comparisons. Misra [, The evolution of the initially proposed Maintainability Index into numerous variants has resulted in a varying usage of Index variants in the context of maintainability assessment. We can solve this issue by splitting the test into two tests one test per assert. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Heriko T, umak B. Avg. Though the values of dog1 and dog2 are the same, equals() method always checks the reference of the two objects i.e if both the objects passed refer to the same object or not and not their values. And who is better in changing behavior of objects in tests than your friendly-neighborhood mocking framework? 2.2. For each hypothesis testing with statistical tests, we reviewed the underlying assumptions associated with each inferential statistic and reported the extent to which the assumptions were met. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Next, is create two objects with different values and compare them. To reduce the likelihood of errors caused by humans, the process of collecting software metrics and computing the Index variants for all software under study was performed automatically by running scripts. It compares values of string for equality. We can override the equals() method in the following way if we want to provide own implementation. Impacts of software community patterns on process and product: An empirical study. Hope you enjoy this article and find fun with the DIY thing. All systems studied were open-source and based on the Java programming language. For example, the expression obj1==obj2 tests the identity, not equality. 149154. The software maintainability index revisited. In this way, many comparisons between two objects need not go through the comparison of every value within them. Observe the values of HashMap before and after adding the employee values. We have now checked the objects comparisons manually by calling the equals() method but this is not a good solution for the comparison of the objects. ; Sari, E.M. Suppose we have a JSON string defined as the s1 variable: { "employee" : { "id": "1212" , "fullName": "John Miles" , "age": 34 } } Copy And we want to compare it with another JSON, s2: On the other hand, equals () method compares whether the value of the strings is equal, and not . ; Anda, B.; Mockus, A. However, this must still be overwritten accordingly. To answer RQ1 and RQ2.1, the most recently released version at the time of conducting the experiments for each of the 45 software systems under study was used. Multidimensional scaling. For objects, you either use a compareor a compareTomethod instead. We will be creating two objects and set the first object to "BMW" and the other object to "AUDI". 8487. Riaz, M.; Mendes, E.; Tempero, E. A systematic review of software maintainability prediction and metrics. Blogger | Programmer | Entrepreneur | Join me for more helpful insights: https://linktr.ee/amyjandrews92, console.log(JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2)); // true, console.log(JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2)); // false, console.log(_.isEqual(person1, person2)); // true, for (let i = 0; i < props1.length; i++) {, console.log(isEqual(person1, person2)); // true, console.log(isEqual(person1, person2)); // false, if ((!bothAreObjects && (obj1[prop] !== obj2[prop])). Suppose we have an Array/ArrayList of our own class type, containing fields like roll no, name, address, DOB, etc, and we need to sort the array based on Roll no or name? As first, you think the obvious way to compare two objects is iterating the list of properties and then comparing their values. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Maua, G.; Galinac Grbac, T. Co-evolutionary multi-population genetic programming for classification in software defect prediction: An empirical case study. Affordable solution to train a team and make them project ready. 2021. That does not work for objects. 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